20150817《靜思妙蓮華》十使驅役 流轉三界 (第632集)
（法華經•譬喻品第三）
⊙貪等十使驅役心神，流轉三界貪愛五欲，瞋恚無忍忿怒違情，愚癡無明妄生邪見。
⊙十使：謂十根本煩惱。 一、貪：貪愛五欲。 二、瞋：瞋恚無忍。 三、癡：愚癡無明。 四、慢：驕慢自大。 五、疑：狐疑猜忌。
⊙六、身見：執取五蘊根身。 七、邊見：執取常斷二見。 八、邪見：謗無因果，壞諸善事。 九、見取見：非果計果。 十、戒禁取見：執持不正戒。
⊙「十使」者煩惱之異名，迷於理之惑曰利使，迷於事之惑曰鈍使。
【證嚴上人開示】
貪等十使驅役心神
流轉三界貪愛五欲
瞋恚無忍忿怒違情
愚癡無明妄生邪見
一念間！一念正，向菩提大道走；一念邪、偏，那就是在餓鬼、畜生道中，生活得辛苦，所以我們修學佛法，就是要學於正法。前面一直跟大家說，在譬喻這些飛禽走獸、魑魅魍魎、夜叉等，這些東西，他們有各人有各種生態，唯有人就是將這些生態，都包攬在我們的內心裡。所以我們人，人間好修行，能夠成菩薩，能夠成佛，但是人間也是很危險，糊塗、無明的心起，一念就會墮落地獄、餓鬼、畜生等等的道，都是在人間所造成。
所以，這是因為有「十使」，這「十使」來驅役我們的心神。往哪裡去呢？那就是流轉三界。欲界、色界、無色界，這三界也是在我們人間心地，在我們人的心裡。所以這三界，因為有了貪愛五欲開始，貪愛五欲，貪瞋無忍，這種貪、瞋、癡，在人間互相爭、互相奪，互相計較。這種的人生，就是因為那分貪念，然後爭，爭取不到，他沒辦法忍，那就生起了忿怒，自然違背了人性的道理。
看看現在天下間，多少這種人禍，實在是很令人很擔心，一點點效應開始掀起來，那就狂風大作。
看看敘利亞的難民，我們一群的人醫會到約旦去，入敍利亞逃難出來，那些難民(區)，光是在約旦，就有六十多萬的逃難難民。昨天這群人醫會從約旦回來，從他們的相片，從他們的解說，一一來報告。其中葉(添浩)醫師說到在約旦，他就這樣泣不成聲，有好幾次說不出，發不出聲音，因為他很不忍心。人已經回來了，卻是心，說到約旦，他那分的悲憫心。
真的是看到那個相片，心就會很難過，何況他們人走到那個地方。這麼多的難民在很那個帳篷區裡，那種很簡陋的地方，氣候這麼冷，或者是到了夏天來的時候，太陽很大，熱是像火爐，冷是如寒冰地獄。
看看，像這樣，這種社會國家的風波，傷害這麼多人的生命，拆散了人的家庭，也毀滅了人的家園，這是無量數，只是在那念，「瞋恚無忍、忿怒違情」這種，這幾個字能夠形容，那就是「愚癡無明」的人，也就是「妄生邪見」。這是心沒有正直，沒有隨著正法修，所以才會在這三界中，貪愛五欲，這樣來造作這麼多，形成了天下之間人道已經喪失，毀滅了多少人的家園、生命啊！
所以說來，人生一念心起，所造作出來的實在是驚天動地，而這些事情就是離不開「貪等十使驅役心神」。
這「十使」到底是什麼東西？「十使」那就是十種根本煩惱。
十使：
謂十根本煩惱。
一、貪 貪愛五欲
二、瞋 瞋恚無忍
三、癡 愚癡無明
四、慢 驕慢自大
五、疑 狐疑猜忌
這十種根本煩惱，第一，那就是貪愛五欲。「貪」是我們千差萬錯，那個煩惱的根本，就是從「貪」。
第二就是「瞋」，所以瞋，瞋恚無忍。這個瞋字，一發作起來，不可收拾，錯就錯到底，作惡就是惡到底。所以這個瞋，形容是阿修羅，不明事理、就是這樣亂發脾氣，小的傷害人與人的感情，大的擾亂社會，再更大的，那就是破壞國家，使人民家破人亡，就是由這個「瞋」字開始。
第三就是「癡」，癡迷，我們人有了癡，就不明道理了，這種「愚癡無明」。到底我們方向是對或不對呢？自己不知道哪一條路，才是真正我們該走的路，所以一直迷。就像三界火宅，那群愚癡迷茫的孩子，還覺得火是好玩的，不知道利害關係，這都是叫做癡；癡就是無明。
再來，那就是「慢」，憍慢，常常說過，慢就是憍，憍就生慢，七慢八憍，這是很多種的憍慢，很煩惱。
第五就是「疑」，疑，若有人要接近時，我們就會懷疑，「到底這個人是對我是怎樣，那是對我有利，或者是對我有害？」等等,這個疑心生暗鬼，我們常常心地就是很黑暗，不敢看到外面的光，所以對人，我們全都是疑神疑鬼。
看到在我們三月初，在我們的月初，已經十幾天前了，(大陸雲南省)昆明的車站，火車站發生了一群蒙面人，進入車站，就是無因由殺人。（編按：事後證實為藏獨分子發起的恐怖攻擊事件。）有人真的現場就往生的，有好幾個，受傷的有百多人，大家很擔心。不只是受傷，身上傷很重，心很驚惶，尤其是家屬也很擔心，所以醫院就要求有志工，志願者，能夠進入做安撫。他們就選了三個，一個是(雲南)大學的社工系的學生，希望這些年輕人，將來要在社會能夠做社會工作，所以讓這些大學生，進去做膚慰、安撫的工作。又另外，那就是心理治療師，也有一群也是進去，再來就是希望，我們慈濟人也能夠投入。
慈濟菩薩這樣很甘願接受，就這樣開始用我們最誠懇的愛，這種同理心的心情，陪伴在身邊，照顧他們的家屬的心境，照顧傷患。
其中有一位，有年齡的奶奶、阿嬤，也是被殺到，是割她的喉，那個喉管被割破了，所以，這是重傷之一。送到人民第一醫院，都住在加護病房裡，一直到這幾天，喉嚨的傷，在那裡照顧得，能讓她出來普通病房了。這位老人很怕，看到人就是很害怕，不敢讓人來近近她，這種驚惶的心。她的家屬，這位阿嬤的家屬，就來向慈濟人請求，「是不是你們能來幫助，為我媽媽，稍微安慰她一下，讓她不要那麼怕？」
真的慈濟人開始，發揮那分至誠的愛，非常溫柔，讓她看到慈濟人會安心，慢慢地接近，牽著阿嬤的手、摸著阿嬤的額頭等等，阿嬤笑了。在這當中，慈濟人送能夠用的東西給阿嬤，送了一個平安(吊飾)，我們新春平安那個(吊飾)，送東西給他，甚至也送她，歲末祝福的(福慧)紅包，那個時候，有一位主任，正好巡房到那個地方，看到阿嬤好像很安心，阿嬤這樣笑出來了，這位醫師覺得慈濟人，這十多天在裡面，真的發揮很大的功能。
我們慈濟人，當然，我們就是，每天，一天當中，不知有多少個案在裡面，這是其中一件。所以說，有的人心，看到人會懷疑，因為他經過了這番的災厄。這位阿嬤在人群中要坐車，或者是在車上下來？我們不知道。忽然間這群蒙面人這樣，忽然間這群蒙面人這樣，差一點喉嚨就斷了，喉嚨那個喉管被切開，很可怕！難怪她經過這道鬼門關，非常的驚惶，所以看到人是這樣，但是人間菩薩接近她的身體，她能夠身心安下來了。
所以說，疑，若是這樣一直疑下去，這位阿嬤哪怕是身體好了回去，我想，這一生那個陰影，疑神疑鬼疑人，那就是很麻煩，幸好這就是一個因緣，如何除去她的疑，那就是需要人間菩薩。
康復出院了，對人那就很麻煩。幸好這個因緣，要如何能除掉，貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑？唯有是一條正道——正知、正見，正確的方向。
六、身見
執取五蘊根身
七、邊見
執取常斷二見
八、邪見
謗無因果
壞諸善事
九、見取見
非果計果
十、戒禁取見
執持不正戒
第六就是「身見」。身，因為我有這個身體；常常說，人之大患，就是因為我們有這個身體，所造作的業，都是這個身體去造作。要不然，光是說貪，貪只是在心裡而已，癡就是在腦海裡，在我們的身心貪、瞋、癡，貪瞋癡那個形態會去造作。那就是這個身體，所以這個身體就是，執取五蘊根身。
「五蘊」，大家知道嗎？色、受、想、行、識。這是「五蘊」，明明我們就在無常中生活，生老病死，一天一天，分分秒秒一直過，行蘊不斷在變動，我們就是不知道，一直執取著色、受、想、行、識。「我看到這個東西，我很愛。」「我想要做這件事，我一定要爭取到。」等等，以為永遠永遠我們都是這樣，不知道生、老、病、死，不知道成、住、壞、空，不知道生、住、異、滅，這些道理都不知，所以才有這種「身見」；「只要我歡喜，有什麼不可以？」這種的人，這叫做「身見」。
「邊見」，正確的路你不走，偏偏往偏而邪，所以「執取常斷二見」。前兩天也是說過了，「常」與「斷」。「常見」，他不知道人生無常；「斷見」，覺得我這一生作人，就沒有來生了，不相信因緣果報，所以橫衝直撞，這種不畏懼一切，不怕因果，這叫做「斷見」。
第八種「邪見」，那就是謗無因果。不只自己做，還毀謗，毀謗因果；人家要做好事，他就是阻礙人做好事，毀謗做好事不對等等。這種全都是叫做「邪見」，那就是讓我們人所以會偏差、會錯誤，一錯再錯，不能隨喜，又要阻礙他人。
第九，那就是「見取見」。這種沒有道理，這實在是也是很可憐的人。「非果計果」，沒有道理的想法，
(第)十種就是「戒禁取見」，就如修行若偏差，好幾天前我們在說，有的修行偏差，去修那種什麼火行，牛、狗行等等，以為過去，過去生中就是這樣的造作，這輩子我將很多的苦，在我的身上我能夠忍得過，這樣我才是叫做修行。所以用火來烤，用火來燒，或者是不乾淨的生活，牛如何生活，狗如何生活。狗吃什麼東西，牛吃什麼，像這樣，他認為這樣叫做修行。
所以總歸起來，那就是「十使」煩惱，那就是根本煩惱。十使就是煩惱的異名，這迷在道理，叫做利使，迷在事叫做鈍使。
十使者
煩惱之異名
迷於理之惑
曰利使
迷於事之惑
曰鈍使
貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑，叫做「五鈍使」。因為看到了，看到東西開始起心，但是我們這個起心動念，就是事情就是這樣過去了，自己在起心動念，所以這叫做「五鈍使」。身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見，叫做「五利使」，這都是身體去做，心是這樣想，他馬上就去做，身體色相我們都很快，就去動，就去做，就會成就了這樣的災禍。心態有，但是沒有動作，這叫做「鈍」；有了這個心態，又有那個動作會合起來，馬上發生，這種的煩惱無明，所造作的惑、業。
最近也一直跟大家說，要很瞭解「惑」。「惑」就是前面的，貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑；「業」是後面的身見、邊見等等，他造作起來，所以去造業，有這個身體去造成的業。所以，大家這麼多天一直在聽，飛禽走獸、魑魅魍魎等等，希望讓大家能趕緊清楚，這個「十使」煩惱。這麼長的時間解釋起來，讓大家趕快清楚。
其實，後面還有。總是道理，天下之間人很多，煩惱無限量，所以我們要時時聽經。雖然說，「我聽過了」，不過佛陀他就是長行文說完了，希望讓大家能夠更瞭解，又再偈文再反覆，經典不斷反覆，是要讓大家常常提高警覺，所以時時要很縝密思惟，時時要多用心啊！
【備註】敘利亞內戰：是指敘利亞從2011年，反政府示威活動於1月26日開始，同年3月傳出有年輕人因為在學校牆上塗鴉革命的語句遭逮捕並虐打，讓支持民主的民眾憤怒，15日他們集結到敘利亞南部的德拉市（Deraa）抗議，當時因為維安人員朝民眾開槍釀成死傷，更加激化民眾的抗議情緒，演變成武裝衝突；持續至今。
Explanations by Master Cheng-Yan
Subject: The Ten Afflictions Drive Our Transmigration (十使驅役 流轉三界)
Date:August.17. 2015
“The Ten Afflictions, greed and the others, drive and control the mind and spirit, causing transmigration in the Three Realms and giving rise to craving and the five desires. With anger, rage and impatience we hatefully go against what is proper. With delusion and ignorance we mistakenly give rise to deviant views.”
A single thought, a right thought, can lead us toward the great Bodhi-path. A single deviant thought can lead us to the hungry ghost or animal realm, where we live in suffering. So, when we learn the Buddha-Dharma, we need to follow the Right Dharma. In the previous few days, I have been explaining the analogies of birds and beasts, goblins and monsters, yaksas and so on. They each have their own way of living. Only we humans have incorporated all these ways of living in our minds.
If we humans practice diligently in this world, we can become Bodhisattvas and attain Buddhahood. However, this world is also very hazardous. Once we give rise to confusion or ignorance, those thoughts can leads us to fall into the hell, hungry ghost or animal realm. This all depends on the karma we create in this world.
[We create karma] because of the Ten Afflictions, which drive and control our mind and spirit. Where do they drive us to go? Through transmigration in the Three Realms, the desire realm, form realm and formless realm.
These three realms reflect three states of mind; they exist in our minds. So, these Three Realms begin with having cravings and the five desires. Then we give rise to greed, anger and impatience. With greed, anger and ignorance, we compete with and take from each other, mutually take issue with one another. People live like this because thoughts of greed arise in them. Then they fight for things, and when they cannot get them they feel impatient, become enraged and depart from the path of proper conduct.
Look at the world right now; there are so many manmade calamities. This is indeed worrisome. Many tiny effects compound and in the end trigger a heavy windstorm.
Just look at the Syrian refugees. Recently our volunteers from Tzu Chi International Medical Association (TIMA) went to the Syrian refugee camps in Jordan. In Jordan alone, there are already more than 600,000 refugees. Yesterday, this group of TIMA volunteers returned. They gave us a detailed briefing with pictures and explanations. As Dr. Ye recalled his experience in Jordan, he choked up in tears. There were several times that he could not speak. This is because he could not bear their suffering. Even though he was physically back in Taiwan, his heart was still in Jordan.
This shows his compassion. Indeed, just from looking at the pictures, we already felt very sad, to say nothing of the people who actually went there. So many refugees are living in the tent areas, under very crude conditions, in very cold temperatures. During the summer, when the sun shines brightly; it can feel as hot as a furnace. When it is cold, it can be as cold as an icy hell. See, this is how disturbances in a society can negatively impact the lives of so many people, break up their families and destroy their homes. This has affected countless people, and it all arose from [people who], “with anger, rage and impatience, hatefully go against what is proper.”These few words describe foolish and ignorant people who “mistakenly give rise to deviant views.”
They did not have an upright mind and did not practice according to the Right Dharma, so they gave rise to craving and the five desires in the Three Realms, committing actions that led to the loss of their humanity and the destruction of many people’s homes and lives.
Therefore, when a thought arises in our minds, what we end up doing can be truly earth-shattering.These actions are inseparable from “the Ten Afflictions, greed and the others, [which] drive and control the mind and spirit.”
What exactly are the Ten Afflictions?
These refer to ten fundamental afflictions.
The Ten Afflictions:
Also called the ten fundamental afflictions.
1.Greed: cravings of the five desires.
2.Anger: rage and impatience.
3.Ignorance: foolishness and lack of clarity.
4. Arrogance: pride and self-importance.
5. Doubt: suspicion and jealousy.
Of the ten fundamental afflictions, the first is the cravings of the five desires.Greed is the origin of all transgressions, the root of all afflictions.
These all arise from greed.
The second[affliction] is “anger”.Because of anger, we have rage and impatience.Once it is let loose, anger cannot be controlled, and we will continue to commit wrongdoings and do evil things until the very end.
People with anger are described as auras.
Unclear about matters or principles, they just keep losing their temper.On a small scale this damages their relationships; on a large scale this disrupts entire societies.On an even bigger scale, this destroys nations, causing death and the destruction of families.All this starts with “anger”.
The third [affliction] is ignorance.Once we are in a state of ignorance, we will not understand the principles.This is foolishness and lack of clarity.
Are we going in the right direction or not?We do not know which road is the one we really want to take, so we keep getting lost.
We are like the foolish and ignorant children in the burning house of the Three Realms.They thought it was fun to play with fire because they did not know what was good or bad for them.
This is an example of ignorance, which is also lack of clarity.
The next [affliction] is arrogance.We often say that arrogance is pride.Pride gives wise to arrogance, to the seven kinds of arrogance and eight kinds of pride.These many kinds of arrogance lead to severe afflictions.
The fifth [affliction] is doubt.When people want to approach us, we may be suspicious.
“How will this person treat me? Will they benefit me or cause me harm?”Because our suspicions create imaginary fears, our minds will always be filled with darkness, and we will have trouble seeing the light around us.
So, when dealing with people, we are filled with doubts and suspicions.
At the beginning of March, over ten days ago, [there was an incident] at Kunming Railway Station.A group of masked people entered the train station and attacked civilians for no reason.Many people died on the scene, and over 100 people were injured.
People were not only injured, but very scared.
People were physically harmed, and their minds were also full of fear. Their family members were especially worried.Therefore, the hospital asked for volunteers to provide comfort to the survivors.
They selected three groups of volunteers.One was college students majoring in social work, they hoped that these young people would be able to provide social services in the future, so they let them go among the survivors to learn to provide emotional support and comfort.
The second group asked to work with survivors was psychotherapists.
Lastly, the hospital also hoped that Tzu Chi volunteers could be involved.Tzu Chi Bodhisattvas willingly accepted their invitation and began to exercise the most sincere love and feeling of great empathy to keep the survivors company. They took care of each family’s mental wellbeing and the mental wellbeing of each survivor.
Among the survivors was an elderly grandmother. She was among those attacked. The attackers slashed at her throat, and her larynx was ruptured; this was a very serious injury. She was sent to First People’s Hospital and stayed in the Intensive Care Unit until very recently, when her throat had healed enough for her to be in a regular hospital ward.
This elderly woman was very scared. Whenever she saw people, she felt terrified and would not allow people to go near her. This was how fearful she was. The relatives of this elderly woman came to Tzu Chi volunteers for help. “Can you help my mother? Can you help comfort my mother so that she will not be so afraid?”
Tzu Chi volunteers began to show her their genuine love and gentleness so that she felt safe with the volunteers. She let them get closer, allowed them to hold her hand, caress her forehead and so on.
Eventually, the elderly woman smiled. In their time with her, Tzu Chi volunteers also gave her something useful. They gave her a decorative charm that said “peace” like the ones we pass out during Chinese New Year. They also gave her red envelope from our Year-end Blessing Ceremony.
At that moment, the head of one of the departments happened to visit her as part of his rounds. When he saw the grandma at peace with a smile on her face, he felt that Tzu Chi volunteers made a very big difference in those ten-plus days.
Of course, the Tzu Chi volunteers worked with many people over the course of every day at the hospital. This is just one story.
Some people are suspicious when they meet others because they have suffered tragedies like this. This grandmother was about to get on a train or perhaps get off a train, we do not know, but suddenly, these masked people [attacked] and her throat was nearly severed. Her larynx was cut open; it was very terrifying. It is not surprising that after almost dying, she became very fearful at the sight of people. However, she was approached by Living Bodhisattvas so she can now find peace in both and mind. If she had continued to be plagued by doubt and suspicion, even if she recovered physically and went home, the shadow [of trauma] would follow her for the rest of her life and she would be suspicious of everyone. That would be very troublesome.
Fortunately, she had this affinity [with Tzu Chi]. How could she get rid of her suspicions? With the help of Living Bodhisattvas.
How can we eliminate our greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance and doubt? Only by walking the Right Path, following Right Understanding and Right Views.
6. Views of Self: attachment to the body of the Five Aggregates.
7. Extreme Views: attachment to the two views of eternalism and nihilism.
8. Deviant Views: slander and denial of the law of cause and effect; the ruin of all good things.
9. Stubborn View: taking what is not the effect as the effect.
10. View of Deviant Precepts: attachment to incorrect precepts.
The sixth [affliction] is “view of self”. Our sense of “self” comes from having this body. We often say that the greatest liability in life is having this body; all the karma we create comes from the actions of this body. Greed by itself only exists in the mind.
Ignorance also only exists in the mind. The greed, anger and ignorance in our minds can only manifest through the actions of this body. So, by having this body, we get attached to the body of the Five Aggregates.
Does everyone know the Five Aggregates? Form, feeling, perception, action, consciousness. These are the Five Aggregates. We are clearly living in a state of impermanence, going through birth, aging, illness and death, day after day, second after second. With the aggregate of action, we are in a state of constant change, but we do not understand this, so we constantly cling to our form, feeling, perception, action, consciousness. “I saw this thing and I love it. I want to do this, so I must fight for it to happen” and so on.
We think that we will always be the same. We do not understand birth, aging, illness and death, formation, existence, decay and disappearance. We also do not understand arising, abiding, changing and ceasing. Because we do not understand these principles, we develop “the view of self.” “As long as it makes me happy, why not do it? People who think this way have the “view of self.”
Those with “extreme views” do not follow the right course and deliberately go astray on a deviant path. They are “attached to the views of eternalism and nihilism.”
For the last two days we have talked about eternalism and nihilism. People who believe in eternalism do not recognize the impermanence of life. People who believe in nihilism believe that after this one lifetime, there are no subsequent ones. They do not believe in the law of karma so they act recklessly, fearing nothing, not worried about consequences. This comes from believing in nihilism.
The eighth [Affliction] is “deviant views,” they slander and denial of the law of karma. Not only do they not believe in it, they also slander the law of cause and effect. If people want to do something good, they will prevent them from doing it by saying it is wrong to do those kinds of things. All these actions are caused by “deviant views.”
Deviant views cause us to go astray and make one mistake after another. Unable to take joy in others’ goodness, we instead prevent others from doing good.
The ninth [affliction] is “stubborn views.” When people abandon reasonable principles, it is truly quite sad.
The tenth is “view of deviant precepts,” which refers to deviant spiritual practices. A few days age, we talked about how people go astray spiritual cultivation and engage in practices using fire, or practice by living as a cow, dog, etc.. They believe that [to eliminate] the karma they created in the past, in this lifetime they must take on all kinds of physical suffering and endure them all; this is what they consider as spiritual practice.
So, they burn themselves with fire or live in very filthy conditions, living like cows and dogs and eating what cows and dogs eat. They believe this is spiritual practice.
So, people ‘s various afflictions can be summarized as these Ten Afflictions, which are the fundamental afflictions.
The Ten Afflictions is another name for the Ten Agents. Delusions about principles are the “acute afflictions.” Delusions about matters are the “chronic afflictions.”
Greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance and doubt are the five chronic afflictions. When we see objects, thoughts arise in our mind. once our mind gives rise to these thoughts, even after the matter has passes, thoughts about it continue to arise. These are called “the five chronic afflictions.”
The view of self, extreme views, etc. are the five acute afflictions. They all lead the body to take action. When we think about doing something, with physical body we very quickly move and take action, causing all kinds of tragedies.
If we have thoughts without taking action, those [afflictions] are considered “chronic.” If we have these states of mind and then take action, when these come together [disasters] immediately result. Such afflictions and ignorance will lead us to create delusions and karma. Recently, I have been telling everyone to develop a deep understanding of “delusions.” “Delusions” are the formerly mentioned greed, anger ignorance, arrogance and doubt. “Karma” is what the view of self, extreme views, etc, drive us to do, such that we create karma. We have this body, so we create karma.
For so many days, you have listened to the teachings about birds beasts, goblins and minsters and so on. I hope they can help you all quickly understand more clearly the Ten Afflictions. I spent a long time in explaining them so that. Actually, there is more to say on this.
There are so many people in this world, so there are countless afflictions. Therefore, we must constantly listen to teachings. Although some say, “I have already heard them, still, after expounding the teachings in prose, the Buddha repeated them in verses to help everybody gain a better understanding. The sutras constantly repeat themselves, to help everybody heighten their vigilance. So, we must constantly contemplate carefully and always be mindful.
(Source: Da Ai TV – Wisdom at Dawn program – Explanation by Master Chen-Yen)
（法華經•譬喻品第三）
⊙貪等十使驅役心神，流轉三界貪愛五欲，瞋恚無忍忿怒違情，愚癡無明妄生邪見。
⊙十使：謂十根本煩惱。 一、貪：貪愛五欲。 二、瞋：瞋恚無忍。 三、癡：愚癡無明。 四、慢：驕慢自大。 五、疑：狐疑猜忌。
⊙六、身見：執取五蘊根身。 七、邊見：執取常斷二見。 八、邪見：謗無因果，壞諸善事。 九、見取見：非果計果。 十、戒禁取見：執持不正戒。
⊙「十使」者煩惱之異名，迷於理之惑曰利使，迷於事之惑曰鈍使。
【證嚴上人開示】
貪等十使驅役心神
流轉三界貪愛五欲
瞋恚無忍忿怒違情
愚癡無明妄生邪見
一念間！一念正，向菩提大道走；一念邪、偏，那就是在餓鬼、畜生道中，生活得辛苦，所以我們修學佛法，就是要學於正法。前面一直跟大家說，在譬喻這些飛禽走獸、魑魅魍魎、夜叉等，這些東西，他們有各人有各種生態，唯有人就是將這些生態，都包攬在我們的內心裡。所以我們人，人間好修行，能夠成菩薩，能夠成佛，但是人間也是很危險，糊塗、無明的心起，一念就會墮落地獄、餓鬼、畜生等等的道，都是在人間所造成。
所以，這是因為有「十使」，這「十使」來驅役我們的心神。往哪裡去呢？那就是流轉三界。欲界、色界、無色界，這三界也是在我們人間心地，在我們人的心裡。所以這三界，因為有了貪愛五欲開始，貪愛五欲，貪瞋無忍，這種貪、瞋、癡，在人間互相爭、互相奪，互相計較。這種的人生，就是因為那分貪念，然後爭，爭取不到，他沒辦法忍，那就生起了忿怒，自然違背了人性的道理。
看看現在天下間，多少這種人禍，實在是很令人很擔心，一點點效應開始掀起來，那就狂風大作。
看看敘利亞的難民，我們一群的人醫會到約旦去，入敍利亞逃難出來，那些難民(區)，光是在約旦，就有六十多萬的逃難難民。昨天這群人醫會從約旦回來，從他們的相片，從他們的解說，一一來報告。其中葉(添浩)醫師說到在約旦，他就這樣泣不成聲，有好幾次說不出，發不出聲音，因為他很不忍心。人已經回來了，卻是心，說到約旦，他那分的悲憫心。
真的是看到那個相片，心就會很難過，何況他們人走到那個地方。這麼多的難民在很那個帳篷區裡，那種很簡陋的地方，氣候這麼冷，或者是到了夏天來的時候，太陽很大，熱是像火爐，冷是如寒冰地獄。
看看，像這樣，這種社會國家的風波，傷害這麼多人的生命，拆散了人的家庭，也毀滅了人的家園，這是無量數，只是在那念，「瞋恚無忍、忿怒違情」這種，這幾個字能夠形容，那就是「愚癡無明」的人，也就是「妄生邪見」。這是心沒有正直，沒有隨著正法修，所以才會在這三界中，貪愛五欲，這樣來造作這麼多，形成了天下之間人道已經喪失，毀滅了多少人的家園、生命啊！
所以說來，人生一念心起，所造作出來的實在是驚天動地，而這些事情就是離不開「貪等十使驅役心神」。
這「十使」到底是什麼東西？「十使」那就是十種根本煩惱。
十使：
謂十根本煩惱。
一、貪 貪愛五欲
二、瞋 瞋恚無忍
三、癡 愚癡無明
四、慢 驕慢自大
五、疑 狐疑猜忌
這十種根本煩惱，第一，那就是貪愛五欲。「貪」是我們千差萬錯，那個煩惱的根本，就是從「貪」。
第二就是「瞋」，所以瞋，瞋恚無忍。這個瞋字，一發作起來，不可收拾，錯就錯到底，作惡就是惡到底。所以這個瞋，形容是阿修羅，不明事理、就是這樣亂發脾氣，小的傷害人與人的感情，大的擾亂社會，再更大的，那就是破壞國家，使人民家破人亡，就是由這個「瞋」字開始。
第三就是「癡」，癡迷，我們人有了癡，就不明道理了，這種「愚癡無明」。到底我們方向是對或不對呢？自己不知道哪一條路，才是真正我們該走的路，所以一直迷。就像三界火宅，那群愚癡迷茫的孩子，還覺得火是好玩的，不知道利害關係，這都是叫做癡；癡就是無明。
再來，那就是「慢」，憍慢，常常說過，慢就是憍，憍就生慢，七慢八憍，這是很多種的憍慢，很煩惱。
第五就是「疑」，疑，若有人要接近時，我們就會懷疑，「到底這個人是對我是怎樣，那是對我有利，或者是對我有害？」等等,這個疑心生暗鬼，我們常常心地就是很黑暗，不敢看到外面的光，所以對人，我們全都是疑神疑鬼。
看到在我們三月初，在我們的月初，已經十幾天前了，(大陸雲南省)昆明的車站，火車站發生了一群蒙面人，進入車站，就是無因由殺人。（編按：事後證實為藏獨分子發起的恐怖攻擊事件。）有人真的現場就往生的，有好幾個，受傷的有百多人，大家很擔心。不只是受傷，身上傷很重，心很驚惶，尤其是家屬也很擔心，所以醫院就要求有志工，志願者，能夠進入做安撫。他們就選了三個，一個是(雲南)大學的社工系的學生，希望這些年輕人，將來要在社會能夠做社會工作，所以讓這些大學生，進去做膚慰、安撫的工作。又另外，那就是心理治療師，也有一群也是進去，再來就是希望，我們慈濟人也能夠投入。
慈濟菩薩這樣很甘願接受，就這樣開始用我們最誠懇的愛，這種同理心的心情，陪伴在身邊，照顧他們的家屬的心境，照顧傷患。
其中有一位，有年齡的奶奶、阿嬤，也是被殺到，是割她的喉，那個喉管被割破了，所以，這是重傷之一。送到人民第一醫院，都住在加護病房裡，一直到這幾天，喉嚨的傷，在那裡照顧得，能讓她出來普通病房了。這位老人很怕，看到人就是很害怕，不敢讓人來近近她，這種驚惶的心。她的家屬，這位阿嬤的家屬，就來向慈濟人請求，「是不是你們能來幫助，為我媽媽，稍微安慰她一下，讓她不要那麼怕？」
真的慈濟人開始，發揮那分至誠的愛，非常溫柔，讓她看到慈濟人會安心，慢慢地接近，牽著阿嬤的手、摸著阿嬤的額頭等等，阿嬤笑了。在這當中，慈濟人送能夠用的東西給阿嬤，送了一個平安(吊飾)，我們新春平安那個(吊飾)，送東西給他，甚至也送她，歲末祝福的(福慧)紅包，那個時候，有一位主任，正好巡房到那個地方，看到阿嬤好像很安心，阿嬤這樣笑出來了，這位醫師覺得慈濟人，這十多天在裡面，真的發揮很大的功能。
我們慈濟人，當然，我們就是，每天，一天當中，不知有多少個案在裡面，這是其中一件。所以說，有的人心，看到人會懷疑，因為他經過了這番的災厄。這位阿嬤在人群中要坐車，或者是在車上下來？我們不知道。忽然間這群蒙面人這樣，忽然間這群蒙面人這樣，差一點喉嚨就斷了，喉嚨那個喉管被切開，很可怕！難怪她經過這道鬼門關，非常的驚惶，所以看到人是這樣，但是人間菩薩接近她的身體，她能夠身心安下來了。
所以說，疑，若是這樣一直疑下去，這位阿嬤哪怕是身體好了回去，我想，這一生那個陰影，疑神疑鬼疑人，那就是很麻煩，幸好這就是一個因緣，如何除去她的疑，那就是需要人間菩薩。
康復出院了，對人那就很麻煩。幸好這個因緣，要如何能除掉，貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑？唯有是一條正道——正知、正見，正確的方向。
六、身見
執取五蘊根身
七、邊見
執取常斷二見
八、邪見
謗無因果
壞諸善事
九、見取見
非果計果
十、戒禁取見
執持不正戒
第六就是「身見」。身，因為我有這個身體；常常說，人之大患，就是因為我們有這個身體，所造作的業，都是這個身體去造作。要不然，光是說貪，貪只是在心裡而已，癡就是在腦海裡，在我們的身心貪、瞋、癡，貪瞋癡那個形態會去造作。那就是這個身體，所以這個身體就是，執取五蘊根身。
「五蘊」，大家知道嗎？色、受、想、行、識。這是「五蘊」，明明我們就在無常中生活，生老病死，一天一天，分分秒秒一直過，行蘊不斷在變動，我們就是不知道，一直執取著色、受、想、行、識。「我看到這個東西，我很愛。」「我想要做這件事，我一定要爭取到。」等等，以為永遠永遠我們都是這樣，不知道生、老、病、死，不知道成、住、壞、空，不知道生、住、異、滅，這些道理都不知，所以才有這種「身見」；「只要我歡喜，有什麼不可以？」這種的人，這叫做「身見」。
「邊見」，正確的路你不走，偏偏往偏而邪，所以「執取常斷二見」。前兩天也是說過了，「常」與「斷」。「常見」，他不知道人生無常；「斷見」，覺得我這一生作人，就沒有來生了，不相信因緣果報，所以橫衝直撞，這種不畏懼一切，不怕因果，這叫做「斷見」。
第八種「邪見」，那就是謗無因果。不只自己做，還毀謗，毀謗因果；人家要做好事，他就是阻礙人做好事，毀謗做好事不對等等。這種全都是叫做「邪見」，那就是讓我們人所以會偏差、會錯誤，一錯再錯，不能隨喜，又要阻礙他人。
第九，那就是「見取見」。這種沒有道理，這實在是也是很可憐的人。「非果計果」，沒有道理的想法，
(第)十種就是「戒禁取見」，就如修行若偏差，好幾天前我們在說，有的修行偏差，去修那種什麼火行，牛、狗行等等，以為過去，過去生中就是這樣的造作，這輩子我將很多的苦，在我的身上我能夠忍得過，這樣我才是叫做修行。所以用火來烤，用火來燒，或者是不乾淨的生活，牛如何生活，狗如何生活。狗吃什麼東西，牛吃什麼，像這樣，他認為這樣叫做修行。
所以總歸起來，那就是「十使」煩惱，那就是根本煩惱。十使就是煩惱的異名，這迷在道理，叫做利使，迷在事叫做鈍使。
十使者
煩惱之異名
迷於理之惑
曰利使
迷於事之惑
曰鈍使
貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑，叫做「五鈍使」。因為看到了，看到東西開始起心，但是我們這個起心動念，就是事情就是這樣過去了，自己在起心動念，所以這叫做「五鈍使」。身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見，叫做「五利使」，這都是身體去做，心是這樣想，他馬上就去做，身體色相我們都很快，就去動，就去做，就會成就了這樣的災禍。心態有，但是沒有動作，這叫做「鈍」；有了這個心態，又有那個動作會合起來，馬上發生，這種的煩惱無明，所造作的惑、業。
最近也一直跟大家說，要很瞭解「惑」。「惑」就是前面的，貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑；「業」是後面的身見、邊見等等，他造作起來，所以去造業，有這個身體去造成的業。所以，大家這麼多天一直在聽，飛禽走獸、魑魅魍魎等等，希望讓大家能趕緊清楚，這個「十使」煩惱。這麼長的時間解釋起來，讓大家趕快清楚。
其實，後面還有。總是道理，天下之間人很多，煩惱無限量，所以我們要時時聽經。雖然說，「我聽過了」，不過佛陀他就是長行文說完了，希望讓大家能夠更瞭解，又再偈文再反覆，經典不斷反覆，是要讓大家常常提高警覺，所以時時要很縝密思惟，時時要多用心啊！
【備註】敘利亞內戰：是指敘利亞從2011年，反政府示威活動於1月26日開始，同年3月傳出有年輕人因為在學校牆上塗鴉革命的語句遭逮捕並虐打，讓支持民主的民眾憤怒，15日他們集結到敘利亞南部的德拉市（Deraa）抗議，當時因為維安人員朝民眾開槍釀成死傷，更加激化民眾的抗議情緒，演變成武裝衝突；持續至今。
Explanations by Master Cheng-Yan
Subject: The Ten Afflictions Drive Our Transmigration (十使驅役 流轉三界)
Date:August.17. 2015
“The Ten Afflictions, greed and the others, drive and control the mind and spirit, causing transmigration in the Three Realms and giving rise to craving and the five desires. With anger, rage and impatience we hatefully go against what is proper. With delusion and ignorance we mistakenly give rise to deviant views.”
A single thought, a right thought, can lead us toward the great Bodhi-path. A single deviant thought can lead us to the hungry ghost or animal realm, where we live in suffering. So, when we learn the Buddha-Dharma, we need to follow the Right Dharma. In the previous few days, I have been explaining the analogies of birds and beasts, goblins and monsters, yaksas and so on. They each have their own way of living. Only we humans have incorporated all these ways of living in our minds.
If we humans practice diligently in this world, we can become Bodhisattvas and attain Buddhahood. However, this world is also very hazardous. Once we give rise to confusion or ignorance, those thoughts can leads us to fall into the hell, hungry ghost or animal realm. This all depends on the karma we create in this world.
[We create karma] because of the Ten Afflictions, which drive and control our mind and spirit. Where do they drive us to go? Through transmigration in the Three Realms, the desire realm, form realm and formless realm.
These three realms reflect three states of mind; they exist in our minds. So, these Three Realms begin with having cravings and the five desires. Then we give rise to greed, anger and impatience. With greed, anger and ignorance, we compete with and take from each other, mutually take issue with one another. People live like this because thoughts of greed arise in them. Then they fight for things, and when they cannot get them they feel impatient, become enraged and depart from the path of proper conduct.
Look at the world right now; there are so many manmade calamities. This is indeed worrisome. Many tiny effects compound and in the end trigger a heavy windstorm.
Just look at the Syrian refugees. Recently our volunteers from Tzu Chi International Medical Association (TIMA) went to the Syrian refugee camps in Jordan. In Jordan alone, there are already more than 600,000 refugees. Yesterday, this group of TIMA volunteers returned. They gave us a detailed briefing with pictures and explanations. As Dr. Ye recalled his experience in Jordan, he choked up in tears. There were several times that he could not speak. This is because he could not bear their suffering. Even though he was physically back in Taiwan, his heart was still in Jordan.
This shows his compassion. Indeed, just from looking at the pictures, we already felt very sad, to say nothing of the people who actually went there. So many refugees are living in the tent areas, under very crude conditions, in very cold temperatures. During the summer, when the sun shines brightly; it can feel as hot as a furnace. When it is cold, it can be as cold as an icy hell. See, this is how disturbances in a society can negatively impact the lives of so many people, break up their families and destroy their homes. This has affected countless people, and it all arose from [people who], “with anger, rage and impatience, hatefully go against what is proper.”These few words describe foolish and ignorant people who “mistakenly give rise to deviant views.”
They did not have an upright mind and did not practice according to the Right Dharma, so they gave rise to craving and the five desires in the Three Realms, committing actions that led to the loss of their humanity and the destruction of many people’s homes and lives.
Therefore, when a thought arises in our minds, what we end up doing can be truly earth-shattering.These actions are inseparable from “the Ten Afflictions, greed and the others, [which] drive and control the mind and spirit.”
What exactly are the Ten Afflictions?
These refer to ten fundamental afflictions.
The Ten Afflictions:
Also called the ten fundamental afflictions.
1.Greed: cravings of the five desires.
2.Anger: rage and impatience.
3.Ignorance: foolishness and lack of clarity.
4. Arrogance: pride and self-importance.
5. Doubt: suspicion and jealousy.
Of the ten fundamental afflictions, the first is the cravings of the five desires.Greed is the origin of all transgressions, the root of all afflictions.
These all arise from greed.
The second[affliction] is “anger”.Because of anger, we have rage and impatience.Once it is let loose, anger cannot be controlled, and we will continue to commit wrongdoings and do evil things until the very end.
People with anger are described as auras.
Unclear about matters or principles, they just keep losing their temper.On a small scale this damages their relationships; on a large scale this disrupts entire societies.On an even bigger scale, this destroys nations, causing death and the destruction of families.All this starts with “anger”.
The third [affliction] is ignorance.Once we are in a state of ignorance, we will not understand the principles.This is foolishness and lack of clarity.
Are we going in the right direction or not?We do not know which road is the one we really want to take, so we keep getting lost.
We are like the foolish and ignorant children in the burning house of the Three Realms.They thought it was fun to play with fire because they did not know what was good or bad for them.
This is an example of ignorance, which is also lack of clarity.
The next [affliction] is arrogance.We often say that arrogance is pride.Pride gives wise to arrogance, to the seven kinds of arrogance and eight kinds of pride.These many kinds of arrogance lead to severe afflictions.
The fifth [affliction] is doubt.When people want to approach us, we may be suspicious.
“How will this person treat me? Will they benefit me or cause me harm?”Because our suspicions create imaginary fears, our minds will always be filled with darkness, and we will have trouble seeing the light around us.
So, when dealing with people, we are filled with doubts and suspicions.
At the beginning of March, over ten days ago, [there was an incident] at Kunming Railway Station.A group of masked people entered the train station and attacked civilians for no reason.Many people died on the scene, and over 100 people were injured.
People were not only injured, but very scared.
People were physically harmed, and their minds were also full of fear. Their family members were especially worried.Therefore, the hospital asked for volunteers to provide comfort to the survivors.
They selected three groups of volunteers.One was college students majoring in social work, they hoped that these young people would be able to provide social services in the future, so they let them go among the survivors to learn to provide emotional support and comfort.
The second group asked to work with survivors was psychotherapists.
Lastly, the hospital also hoped that Tzu Chi volunteers could be involved.Tzu Chi Bodhisattvas willingly accepted their invitation and began to exercise the most sincere love and feeling of great empathy to keep the survivors company. They took care of each family’s mental wellbeing and the mental wellbeing of each survivor.
Among the survivors was an elderly grandmother. She was among those attacked. The attackers slashed at her throat, and her larynx was ruptured; this was a very serious injury. She was sent to First People’s Hospital and stayed in the Intensive Care Unit until very recently, when her throat had healed enough for her to be in a regular hospital ward.
This elderly woman was very scared. Whenever she saw people, she felt terrified and would not allow people to go near her. This was how fearful she was. The relatives of this elderly woman came to Tzu Chi volunteers for help. “Can you help my mother? Can you help comfort my mother so that she will not be so afraid?”
Tzu Chi volunteers began to show her their genuine love and gentleness so that she felt safe with the volunteers. She let them get closer, allowed them to hold her hand, caress her forehead and so on.
Eventually, the elderly woman smiled. In their time with her, Tzu Chi volunteers also gave her something useful. They gave her a decorative charm that said “peace” like the ones we pass out during Chinese New Year. They also gave her red envelope from our Year-end Blessing Ceremony.
At that moment, the head of one of the departments happened to visit her as part of his rounds. When he saw the grandma at peace with a smile on her face, he felt that Tzu Chi volunteers made a very big difference in those ten-plus days.
Of course, the Tzu Chi volunteers worked with many people over the course of every day at the hospital. This is just one story.
Some people are suspicious when they meet others because they have suffered tragedies like this. This grandmother was about to get on a train or perhaps get off a train, we do not know, but suddenly, these masked people [attacked] and her throat was nearly severed. Her larynx was cut open; it was very terrifying. It is not surprising that after almost dying, she became very fearful at the sight of people. However, she was approached by Living Bodhisattvas so she can now find peace in both and mind. If she had continued to be plagued by doubt and suspicion, even if she recovered physically and went home, the shadow [of trauma] would follow her for the rest of her life and she would be suspicious of everyone. That would be very troublesome.
Fortunately, she had this affinity [with Tzu Chi]. How could she get rid of her suspicions? With the help of Living Bodhisattvas.
How can we eliminate our greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance and doubt? Only by walking the Right Path, following Right Understanding and Right Views.
6. Views of Self: attachment to the body of the Five Aggregates.
7. Extreme Views: attachment to the two views of eternalism and nihilism.
8. Deviant Views: slander and denial of the law of cause and effect; the ruin of all good things.
9. Stubborn View: taking what is not the effect as the effect.
10. View of Deviant Precepts: attachment to incorrect precepts.
The sixth [affliction] is “view of self”. Our sense of “self” comes from having this body. We often say that the greatest liability in life is having this body; all the karma we create comes from the actions of this body. Greed by itself only exists in the mind.
Ignorance also only exists in the mind. The greed, anger and ignorance in our minds can only manifest through the actions of this body. So, by having this body, we get attached to the body of the Five Aggregates.
Does everyone know the Five Aggregates? Form, feeling, perception, action, consciousness. These are the Five Aggregates. We are clearly living in a state of impermanence, going through birth, aging, illness and death, day after day, second after second. With the aggregate of action, we are in a state of constant change, but we do not understand this, so we constantly cling to our form, feeling, perception, action, consciousness. “I saw this thing and I love it. I want to do this, so I must fight for it to happen” and so on.
We think that we will always be the same. We do not understand birth, aging, illness and death, formation, existence, decay and disappearance. We also do not understand arising, abiding, changing and ceasing. Because we do not understand these principles, we develop “the view of self.” “As long as it makes me happy, why not do it? People who think this way have the “view of self.”
Those with “extreme views” do not follow the right course and deliberately go astray on a deviant path. They are “attached to the views of eternalism and nihilism.”
For the last two days we have talked about eternalism and nihilism. People who believe in eternalism do not recognize the impermanence of life. People who believe in nihilism believe that after this one lifetime, there are no subsequent ones. They do not believe in the law of karma so they act recklessly, fearing nothing, not worried about consequences. This comes from believing in nihilism.
The eighth [Affliction] is “deviant views,” they slander and denial of the law of karma. Not only do they not believe in it, they also slander the law of cause and effect. If people want to do something good, they will prevent them from doing it by saying it is wrong to do those kinds of things. All these actions are caused by “deviant views.”
Deviant views cause us to go astray and make one mistake after another. Unable to take joy in others’ goodness, we instead prevent others from doing good.
The ninth [affliction] is “stubborn views.” When people abandon reasonable principles, it is truly quite sad.
The tenth is “view of deviant precepts,” which refers to deviant spiritual practices. A few days age, we talked about how people go astray spiritual cultivation and engage in practices using fire, or practice by living as a cow, dog, etc.. They believe that [to eliminate] the karma they created in the past, in this lifetime they must take on all kinds of physical suffering and endure them all; this is what they consider as spiritual practice.
So, they burn themselves with fire or live in very filthy conditions, living like cows and dogs and eating what cows and dogs eat. They believe this is spiritual practice.
So, people ‘s various afflictions can be summarized as these Ten Afflictions, which are the fundamental afflictions.
The Ten Afflictions is another name for the Ten Agents. Delusions about principles are the “acute afflictions.” Delusions about matters are the “chronic afflictions.”
Greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance and doubt are the five chronic afflictions. When we see objects, thoughts arise in our mind. once our mind gives rise to these thoughts, even after the matter has passes, thoughts about it continue to arise. These are called “the five chronic afflictions.”
The view of self, extreme views, etc. are the five acute afflictions. They all lead the body to take action. When we think about doing something, with physical body we very quickly move and take action, causing all kinds of tragedies.
If we have thoughts without taking action, those [afflictions] are considered “chronic.” If we have these states of mind and then take action, when these come together [disasters] immediately result. Such afflictions and ignorance will lead us to create delusions and karma. Recently, I have been telling everyone to develop a deep understanding of “delusions.” “Delusions” are the formerly mentioned greed, anger ignorance, arrogance and doubt. “Karma” is what the view of self, extreme views, etc, drive us to do, such that we create karma. We have this body, so we create karma.
For so many days, you have listened to the teachings about birds beasts, goblins and minsters and so on. I hope they can help you all quickly understand more clearly the Ten Afflictions. I spent a long time in explaining them so that. Actually, there is more to say on this.
There are so many people in this world, so there are countless afflictions. Therefore, we must constantly listen to teachings. Although some say, “I have already heard them, still, after expounding the teachings in prose, the Buddha repeated them in verses to help everybody gain a better understanding. The sutras constantly repeat themselves, to help everybody heighten their vigilance. So, we must constantly contemplate carefully and always be mindful.
(Source: Da Ai TV – Wisdom at Dawn program – Explanation by Master Chen-Yen)
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